Translated
from the original by Costas Balomenos
Picture 1: Bagkavantgkita and Avesta
The latest decades, Greece
At first
publish a world
map with the distribution of each
religion. We believe that we
deliver to our readership,
which both supported us all these years, one
of the most complete our jobs. Before letting you enjoy
our investigation, it is worth
mentioning how the population is all
religion. Invoked the last
census found that
is from the year 2009:
Major religions of the
world (mid 2009)
Christians
|
2,264,492,000
|
Muslims
|
1,523,212,150
|
Hindus
|
935,460,000
|
Buddhists
|
483,821,000
|
Chinese folk religion
|
454,579,800
|
Sikhs
|
24,222,700
|
Jews
|
14,549,000
|
Below are the religions in
alphabetical order:
1. BUDDHISM
2. HINDUISM
3. JUDAISM
5. CONFUCIANISM
6. PARCISM
7. SIKHISM
8. SHINTO
9. TAOISM
10. JAINISM
11. CHRISTIANITY
Picture 2: World Map of religions
1. Avantanas:
sacred book of
Buddhism, which highlighted the
role of the Bodhisattva. The
Bodhisattva is brilliant
beings who proceed to become enlightened Buddha i.e. But while they have the opportunity
to enter Nirvana, Paradise somewhat of Buddhists, still with
their desire to remain in this mortal world
of compassion for other beings to help
and contribute to their
salvation. The word avantana
means act that is worthy of respect and admiration, which
can be either an individual sacrifice for the good of
others or the building of a
temple of Buddha
2. Ka-tziour, Tan-tziour: Collections holy books of Tantric or
Vajrayana Buddhism. These collections are mainly based on Tibetan Buddhist literature,
which relies mainly
Tantric Buddhism and thrived from the 8th century
A.D. and then when began translating from Sanskrit
standards. The “Ka – tziour” (bka - 'gyur) is a collection of
100 volumes with
contents of the monastic rule and
tantric texts. The
“Tan – tziour”
(Tan - 'gyur) consists of 225 and
includes memoranda and a variety of religious
treatises.
3. Canon Pali: Holy book of one of the three
branches of Theravada Buddhism. Named after the
language has been prepared.
Also called “Tipitaka” or in Sanskrit
“Tripitaka”, something similar to
the Greek word
“triptych”, which means “three
baskets”. It consists of the collections “Binaya Pitaca”
which is the lone rule contains the principles and obligations
of the Buddhist monastic life, “Shutta Pitaca” that exposes the Buddhist teachings,
echoing key the preaching of Buddha, and “Ampintamma Pitaca”, a collection containing analyzes, interpretations and classifications
philosophical and psychological theories. This rule was
finalized in the first B.C.
century in Sri
Lanka (Ceylon
4. Chinese Tripitaka: Collection of Mahayana Buddhism. But it must be
said here that the Mahayana
Buddhism, unlike Theravada Buddhism has no holy
books rule, which was a decision to Buddhist
Synod. So the
believer depending on which school
is giving special
emphasis and attention on some of
the many texts of Mahayana
Buddhism. These are very long secretariat, whose creation began almost
2,000 years ago.
Only a minor portion is maintained
in Sanskrit, while most are translations into different
languages mainly in Chinese, such as “Chinese
Tripitaka”. The layout
is similar to that of “Canon Pali”. So divided
in “Monastic
Canon” (Lou), “Teaching”
(Ching) and “Scholastic philosophy” (Lun). It
is basically the entire library
of sacred and secular texts. The oldest list
of “Chinese Tripitaka”, from the early 6th century A.D., report 2,113 projects. The
latest version of the Japanese Taisho, conducted
in 1924 - 1929 runs in 55 volumes, each of
which has about 1000 pages.
Later it also published and supplement of 35 volumes.
1. Agkamas:
Sacred Hinduistic (Hindu) texts contain teachings and ritual.
Are known 100 visnouistics,
28 shivaistics and 77 Shactics Agkamas.
2. Aranyakas:
Hindu holy books. Their name means “Forest Books”, i.e. destined to
someone studying in the solitude of the
forest. The “Aranyakas” still
the most famous books of Hinduism the 'Brahmins' and address issues typically
sacrificial mysticism and symbolism.
3. Vagkavantgkita or Bhagavat -
Gita: Hindu religious
poem, the inscription means “Song of the Highest”
and consisting of 700 verses later incorporated in the famous epic of
Hinduism “Machavarata”. Considered
one of the masterpieces of world
poetry, on par with the Homeric
epics and the Song of Songs in the Bible. Its
composition is placed between the
second century B.C. and in the second
century A.D. and
has been commented on by the great
masters of theology of Hindu god Krishna , as
the main sacred text of this
confession. The “Vagkavantgkita”
negotiates what was said
in the form of a dialogue between the king Ntritarastra and his charioteer of
Santzagia for a battle
that took place between two rival
tribes but relatives of NW India, from
which one has in
the ranks of the Arjuna son of god Indra.
The Santzagia carries
the king of the
dialogue between Arjuna and the god Krishna ,
who in principle is presented as mortal, but later
reveals his true nature.
The project is a systematic reference
to the practice of sacrifices that
are the cornerstone of Indian religious tradition, in whose context, the work place
and Yoga, a method for the approximation
of reality, the “Vagkavantgkita”
equates to the absolute beginning of the universe called "Brahman". Above the “Brahman” in the project,
is the Divine, the
Absolute, which can make its
presence felt in any way it
wants. Towards the end of the work gets philosophical
in nature and deals mainly with the theory of knowledge and the qualities
of nature. The dialogue between Prince Arjuna and
Krishna is determined by God, who thus
giving the mortal interlocutor
of divine effulgence and make him agree to give
the final battle, which will be the
triumph of the race Pantavas.
4. Veda or Vedas: Collection of the oldest sacred books of Hinduism, while in the
oldest surviving texts integrated
form of the family of Indo -
European languages. The name Veda declares knowledge
and comes from the root vid-, which generated the
Greek eidenai (ειδέναι) = know and the Latin videre = see and the German Wissen = Knowledge. The
books which are considered by Hindus godsend
and include hymns and odes provisions regulating
ceremonies and sacrifices lyrical prayers, magic formulas
and refrains. These books originally transmitted from generation to generation orally and
later captured. The collection is divided into four sections,
each from a different school spread of Hinduism: “Rig
- Veda”, “Giatzour - Veda”, “Sama - Veda” and “Atharva
- Veda”. There
are differences of opinion about dating.
The prevailing for the 'Rig - Veda "is that
it belongs to 1000 B.C. although some of
the hymns that were seen as early
as 1500 BC Vedic
texts are certainly religious, but illuminate
simultaneously, except the history of religion, and the social, economic and cultural relations of the peoples of the Indian peninsula earlier era, but of
course give accurate chronological
data. These are mainly amounts tribes of Aryans, martial tribes from Iran
Of the four parts of the collection, the “Rig
- Veda” is the oldest and most important in religious
significance and contains 1,028
hymns (Soucta) totaling 10,562
turns, which are 10 books (Mandala). The hymns are varying extent, the shortest ……., the most
extensive fifty-eight. They are certainly compositions
for different seasons, containing
hymns to the gods, prayers,
curses and mythical narratives. In these invocations are
many gods, but
the greatest of
these is Indra the king of the gods, and Agni, the god of fire. Many hymns
contain lyrical descriptions
of switching on the fire,
the tenders, the preparation and
the libation (Soma). Few hymns include
historical descriptions, mythical themes and very little cosmogonic
and eschatological teachings. Hierarchy in certain
pantheon does not exist.
The deities are shown to be influenced by the prayers and sacrifices of the people and in return offer wealth in
animals, luck in war, while
sin is the bond,
which is repealed by ritualistic
cleansing. During the hymn 10.90 creation
of the world is the result of sacrifice and dismemberment of an ancient man (Purusha), which by its members created the
universe. This hymn represents
the social model of four classes (Varna), because in the description, the Brahmans - priests
of Hinduism – comes from the mouth of the dismembered, the Xatries, the royal and military order from his hands, the Vaïsies,
merchants, from his
thighs and Sountres, the lower class, from his feet.
The “Giatzour
- Veda” consists of
5 parts, of which the 4 first
parts are characterized as black “Giatzour - Veda”
and the fifth as
white “Giatzour –
Veda”. The black includes
interpretative prose texts and white, subsequent to the black, religious rites and prayers. The special feature is
the types of sacrifices (Giatzour).
The "Sama - Veda" consisting of three in verse books and four collections of chants. Its
content is largely taken from the
'Rig - Veda
"is quite primitive melody and
refers to provisions that regulate
the ceremonies and sacrifices. The “Rig - Veda”, the “Giatzour - Veda” and “Sama - Veda” unity are known
as “Triveda” which every Brahmin should possess well.
The “Atharva
- Veda”, the fourth part is written in
prose, consisting of 20 books,
including magical formulas and refrains and
rescued two types,
the “Saounaka”, which is the most widespread, and “Paipalanta”, which
is followed today only a few
families in Orissa, a federal
state in eastern India. Also contains cosmogonic teachings, but not at the level of “Rig - Veda”.
So in a hymn, the
year (kala) considered
the beginning of all things, while
the Book of Hymns “Rohita”, Rohita =
red i.e. the sun,
celebrated as the beginning of the world.
5. Vedanta:
The title of this book means “The end of «Veda».” Is a collection of 108 Hindus,
small religious and philosophical texts,
belonging to the older “Upanishads”,
word for secret meetings
and is something similar to the
New Testament of Christianity.
When the Brahmins, the priests of Hinduism, they
led the Vedic
religion to boundless ritualism, religion
ended in a technique that interested only order of priests and could not satisfy either the needs of the simple people who sought
a faith and a
consolation, nor needs of the
educated, who were searching for the
beginning of things and the essence of life. So the upper classes not only
refused the dead ritual,
but they created a spiritual movement
that found its expression in “Upanishads”.
The "Vedanta"
is written in prose and embellished with didactic and
- at case -lyrical turns. The oldest, largest and most important texts is “Brichantaranyaka Upanishad” and “Tsantogkia Upanishad”. These texts refer to
the problems of “being” and “non-being”,
i.e. the existence or non-existence,
and in particular show the Atman, the soul - so to speak - of
Hinduism, every individual not as a mortal ego,
but as a secret presence
on the place and
time, beyond passion and single, although
it exists at all, so coincident with the
Brahma, i.e. the ultimate principle
of the universe. For the first
time with “Vedanta”, salvation is not apparent from the
ritual, but from
knowledge. The problem here is to
find the explanation of how
the resulting human
and cosmic duality between “is” and “Becoming”, time
and eternity, Atman (Atman is perceived here
as the “world soul”)
and things. Already in some “Upanishads” this process is related to the one
with Karma, i.e. the acts that the
individual made in life
and accordingly gave
positive energy or negative energy, and the
other with Avintia, the ignorance. Thus supported, that from the
ignorance the act follows,
that every act drags
a chain of thoughts and actions that only
knowledge can lead to liberation
from the mortal world we live in and that
Karma define that
the acts of the existence of any person necessarily predetermine new being to be born of
the reincarnation or transmigration of the soul. The
basic theory of “Vedanta” is monistic.
According to this, the only real is “Brahman” or “Atman”, which is not expressed, nor defined,
while the world of phenomena, i.e. the external existence (nature, etc.) is an illusion, an illusion,
called “Maya”.
6. Brahmans:
Sacred texts of Indians, which is commentary on
other sacred texts of Hinduism the “Vedas” and the syntax of “Brahmins”
is reduced to around 700 B.C. about. His
main content is the
interpretation of modes of
sacrifice, their importance and
the relevance of each to sacrifice worldly, physical
and other elements and phenomena.
In the field of Hinduism represented by the
Vedic religion, the pure ritual gradually
gaining more and more
importance. Thus in the
hymns of “Sama - Veda” and “Giatzour -
Veda” the act of sacrifice
is the center of gravity of religiosity which the believer manifests, while the deity, which refers
to the sacrifice goes into
second place. This retreat of divinity in relation to the ritual finding the absolute in “Brahmins”. The rules
(vidi) and the explanations
(arthavanta) have emerged from the discussions of the Vedic schools. Many
times interlocked texts
of the “Vedas” with those of “Brahmins”. For example the “Sama - Veda”
contains two “Brahmin” or in
the White “Giatzour - Veda” belongs the “Satapatha – Brahmins”.
The gods in "Brahman" is the
same as the gods of the Vedic
religion only some
of them change names and destination eg Shiva
consecrate by the name Rudra etc. The cosmogony based on the myth
of Pratzapati, the deity that created man and
who through asceticism
(tapas) releases the world. In
the "Brahmin" is also
the first step in the basic teaching of
metempsychosis, after showing for the first time the idea
that good deeds can affect
the lives of good and those who had offered sacrifices,
so in the world beyond to find a new death, and
therefore a new
birth.
Even the "Brahmins" constitute the
initial phase of Indian
philosophy and concepts that
would later become important, such as the concepts rupees (format, visible) and Nama (name, invisible, inner
essence).
7. Gkitagkovinta:
Sacred book of
Hinduism, the religious most
excellent specimen -
erotic poetry of India , his "miraculous"
poet of Bengal ,
Tzagianteva (12th century AD). In this
described the love of Radha and Krishna , the
god, the jealousy between them, their separation and
reunification. Rada was the most beloved of
his mistresses - wives
of Krishna . They attribute to him and secret meaning,
as Radha symbolizes
the soul that is attractive from
the god.
8. Machavarata:
One of the two largest
national epics of India
9. Upanishads:
Mean “secret meetings” and are Hindu
sacred texts as supplements
and pleadings to “Veda” continuing the collections “Aranyakas” and “Brahman”. These are texts from various ages and are the main source
of Brahmanism. Their
relationship towards “Vedas”
are correspondingly something akin to
the relationship of the New Testament against the Old.
The “Upanishads” emphasize the unity of Atman and
Brahman and are
characterized by the fact that
the religious stuff prioritize knowledge over
anything else.
10. Puranas:
The word means “ancient narrations”. Are sacred books of Hinduism, according
to “Vedas” of Vedism and Brahmanism. There are 18
different Puranas, of which
the most important are the Vagkavat
Purana and Vishnu
Purana god. The syntax of these various holy books dating from the
first centuries of Christianity, but it is obvious that much of the material is reduced to the previous
seasons. Under the
old definition, a Purana must address the following five issues:
1. Creation
2. Reconstruction, ie the periodic destruction and renewal of the Worlds
3. Genealogy of the gods
4. Seasons of Manu, ie long periods, each defined by a new tribal leader of the human race
5. The history of the genera, namely older and younger royal families, the beginning goes back to the Sun and the Moon.
2. Reconstruction, ie the periodic destruction and renewal of the Worlds
3. Genealogy of the gods
4. Seasons of Manu, ie long periods, each defined by a new tribal leader of the human race
5. The history of the genera, namely older and younger royal families, the beginning goes back to the Sun and the Moon.
In this context the varied inweave
mythical, teaching ritual hymnographical etc. material
tradition of Hinduism.
11. Ramayana:
The most important after "Machavarata"
national epic of Indians while Hinduism holy
book. His influence on thought and spirit
of North India especially has seen
and labeled by experts and that it surpasses even the
Bible in the spirit of the West.
The work exposes the
struggles of the god Rama, who
thought it was the seventh incarnation of
the god Vishnu, against Ravana,
the chief of the demons Raxa. It consists of 24,000
couplets (slokas), i.e. it has more than twice the extent of the Iliad
and Odyssey combined. Attributed to Valniki, "the first surname of the Indian poet," and is thought to have been written between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.
12. Sutras:
The third layer of the religious literature of the ancient Indians,
after the 'Vedas' and 'Brahman'.
These rituals typically
written in prose and
style of excommunication and
destined to be remembered by the students. Distinguished in
Sraouta - Sutras,
referred in large sacrificial ceremonies in
Gkrygia - Sutras,
dealing the regulations rituals which become at home, at birth, marriage, death, etc. and Dharma - Sutras to arrange the tasks to each case.
13. Tantras:
Indian treatises inspired the stream of Tantrism, one of the
oldest trends of Indian religiosity. In Hindu
tradition, the Tantras is didactical talks of god Shiva
and his wife Devi, while the Buddhist tradition are meditation Buddha as a historical person. These texts have ambiguities in the wording and symbolism, with
many elliptical sentences,
which were deliberately with a view to not be useful to the uninitiated. The Tantras are usually anonymous, but
their synopses and explanatory notes
to these are works branded writers. There are even tantric “Upanishads” i.e. other
Hindu holy texts, hymns
and typical rituals.
1. Hebrew
Bible (Old Testament)
: It is a collection of sacred books. The establishment of this collection
is a kind of list
called "rule" followed by a long and complex
process which is not in all
its phases known. Although several books of
the Hebrew Bible are the product collection
of texts, such as for example the book of “Psalms” which is a collection of hymns, prayers and
other poems, the beginnings of
the establishment of the “rule”
should be placed in the 5th century B.C., where the
priest and secretary of the
Jewish community, which had just
been established after the captivity of Babylon, modulates the collection of books of the “Law” (Jewish
Torah) is known as the “Pentateuch.” Along with the “Law” began to gain normal strength and the collections or words
of the prophets reported in
works or action
attributed to them, as well as poetry collections
or works containing words of wisdom and sayings etc. Indeed, as
evidenced by the prologue of the
Greek translation of a book of
the Hebrew Bible, the “Wisdom of Syrah,”
already in the second
century B.C. had
established a collection of holy texts of Judaism, which
included three groups of books: “Law,” “Prophets” and “Patria” or “Other
Books”. Here and the reference: “That's
why my grandfather, Jesus has
dealt above all to the study
of the law, the prophets and the other ancestral books and became familiar with them.” The existence of a similar collection with a tripartite division “Law”, “Prophets” and “Psalms”
and alludes the second holy book of
Christianity, the New Testament, the
Gospel of Luke: “These
I meant by the words I said when I was still
with you, i.e. they must all
be fulfilled what is written about me in the Law of
Moses, the prophets and the Psalms” Luke 24:44. Eventually the “canon” of
the Hebrew Bible takes its final
form in 90 A .D. a rabbinical synod in
the city of Iamneia in Palestine Palestine
Picture 3: The books of the Hebrew Bible
2. Talmud:
The word means teaching, study,
wisdom. Is the oral tradition of Judaism which was recorded between the 5th century BC and sixth century AD and contains teachings, discussions, opinions
and comments of the Law and the Prophets of the Old Testament, wise proverbs, anecdotes and scientific
treatises. For this
reason it is of great importance and value, and could be described as a kind of general Jewish Literature.
The “Talmud”
has two forms, from
Jerusalem or Palestine
and from Babylon Jerusalem or Palestine
The first and oldest part
of the "Talmud" is the “Mishnah” namely
the repetition and interpretation
of the Law, which contains 63 treatises completed at the end of the second and early third
century A.D., is written in (after the Bible) Hebrew language otherwise misnaïki, which differs greatly from the
biblical to the syntax
and vocabulary, and uses many Aramaic, Greek and Latin words. The “Tosefta” is supplement
of the “Mishnah” with various provisions which were later added
to the original body. Expansion and interpretation of the “Mishnah”
is the “Gkemara” as the second
and subsequent part of the “Talmud”. This process and clarifies obscurely excerpts of the “Mishnah” and cites
on these legal debates
eminent Rabbis teachers
namely Judaism, rules of ethics and religious life,
prayers and wise sayings.
Now as for the understanding of the “Talmud” is achieved through the methods of interpretation of “Halala” and “Chagkada.” The “Halala” is a legal concept and clarifies legal provisions. The “Chagkada” is constructive in nature and aims to historical religious
and moral explanation of the “Talmud”. However, the information contained in “Chagkada”
historical information is not entirely
accurate. Finally, it should be said that this
“Chagkada” except religious themes
contains metaphysical searches,
visions for the future, Mathematics,
Medicine, Astronomy, Physics, Botany, etc.
1. Qur'an:
The Qur'an (al-Qur'an) is the holy book of
Islam. The Arabic word “Kouran” comes from the Semitic verb
qara'a, meaning reading,
announcement, preaching. Until
the death of Muhammad 632 AD
not appear to have been written some version
of revelations that Muhammad claims that he
received from God/Allah. According
to Islamic tradition, Muhammad's successor, Abu Bakr from 632 to 634 AD
made an attempt collection
and systematization of these revelations. But
since circulated several versions of these revelations,
the third Caliph Othman
the 644 to 656 formed
- through a committee - the text of the Qur'an which was recognized as authentic and were ordered to destroy any script or variation.
And it could not be otherwise since
the earthly Koran is considered
a true copy of uranium which kept constantly with God / Allah.
Therefore, it could be in heaven over one
Koran. Certainly the idea that formulated by Muhammad in on
Quran uranium “Rather it is a
glorified Quran (which is written) in table well
protected (from conversion and
decay)” Qur'an 85:21 - 22 anything but original is.
Exists in Judeo-Christian apocalyptic Secretariat.
Specifically in
the Jewish apocryphal
book of “Jubilee” which recounts the story of Genesis to Exodus
chapter 12. The story then is given in the
form of God's revelation to
Moses which is based on a source that is written in “heavenly plaques” in “And for this reason the order was written on
the heavenly plaques in
relation to made this” Jubilee 3:10 but in the 3:31, 4:5, etc. Regarding Christianity is
the apocryphal book "The Shepherd of Herma"
which asserts that this book is given as a copy any
way divine original booklet, Horacio 2:1.
But the revelation of the Koran from the archangel Gabriel
to Muhammad “(that)
it (the Qur'an) is really the reason one honored messenger (Gabriel), endowed with the strength
and position of honor in the Lord of the Throne, by obeying authority
there (and) worthy
of trust in the transport of inspiration. And (O! People!), Your companion (the Muhammad) is not crazy. And - no doubt -
(Muhammad) saw him (Gabriel)
in the clear horizon.” Qur'an 81:19 - 23 is likewise on “Jubilee”
which reveal that
angel of the Lord spoke to Moses what exactly
should write in the Pentateuch: “And
the angel of the person spoke to Moses
by the word of the
Lord, saying: Write all the
history of creation ...” Jubilee 2:1.
Likewise and the apocryphal book of Enoch appears to
have been written by Enoch
after celestial apparition
that the angels
revealed to him and even that he learned from the
heavenly plaques. Here
and the evidence: «And Enoch said: “On children
of justice and on
the elite of the world and on straightness of the plant I will
speak these things, in fact me Enoch I do your will known unto you,
my sons, according to what appeared to me
in the heavenly
apparition, which knew through the word of the holy angels and learned of heavenly
plaques”» Enoch 93:2
Then although the text of the Quran is supposed to be itself the Word of God / Allah - something completely understood and respected by us for a loyal Muslim - we note that the first person of the text is not always the God / Allah: sometimes as in
the first chapter,
addressed the faithful in God / Allah through prayer, other times it is the prophet
Muhammad speaks, Chapter
11: 2 to 3 and sometimes as in Chapter 85it
is not clear the subject. Let alone the Quran can not be the Word of God /
Allah because it is not possible that God / Allah
confuses Maria (Our Lady) with Miriam the sister of Aaron,
Qur'an 19:27
- 28. Neither
is it possible that God / Allah assert that
created the stars - which are missiles - to turn away the demons! “And we have indeed adorned
the lower heaven (the lowest),
with lamps (stars) and we do missiles for (to turn away away) the demons, which
is why we have prepared the fiery torture of Fire.” 67:5
In terms of content and structure of the text of the Qur'an, the reader who is addicted to reading the Bible in
one big surprise awaits.
Because the text of Koran characterized by heterogeneity
and deficiency of chronological
sequence of events described, so be no internal structure. Besides, the first chapters referring to disclosures made ex post in
Medina and
the latest revelations made
in advance to the city
of Mecca
The Qur'an also called Book is
divided into 114 chapters (Surat Surat
2. Hadith:
The religious tradition of Islam that supplementing the Koran and is considered the second source after
that. Comes from the Arabic
word hadit which
means announcement and used in
the sense of announcement
sayings or way of dealing from Muhammad
practical issues of the religion.
The “Hadith”
began to be created once after the death of Muhammad, the
faithful wanted to refer to a written or oral information about how he had faced
various specific problems they had expressed as advice or command, what took place in various questions and
how did his followers after the advice from
him. Because until the end of
the 7th century AD
appeared in several
short texts claiming to be Prophet but who had mixed pre-islamic or non-islamic elements appeared simultaneously some who were called “men of tradition” in Arabic ahl
al – hadith, who were knowledgeable of the genuine traditions
oral or written and
created the first collections.
But the problem remained
how to stand out the genuine from the false traditions. The proposal made by some, that rule authenticity
is their agreement with the Koran or frequent
use has been found
insufficient and so those that were genuine classified into 3 categories:
1. Authenticated (sahih)
1. Authenticated (sahih)
2. Nice (hasan) and not
completely reliable
3. Weak (daif), which
are treated with great circumspection.
By the end of the ninth century
AD the “Hadith” was classified by the name of
their institution (musnad). After classified by subject according to the practical needs of Islamic jurisprudence. The most important collection called as - Sahih (The correct) and was made by al - Buhari (810 - 870 AD). In total is 6 collections. The
other 5 are as follows:
Muslim (817/821 - 875 AD), Abu - Dawud (817 - 888 AD), al Tirmidhi (892 AD), Ibn Madja
(824 - 886 AD) and al - Nasa 'i (915 AD).
The 6 collections were
considered as normal by the largest tenet of Islam Sunnis who
constitute 90% of Muslims worldwide. The other tenet
of Islam Shiites have
their own “Hadith” considering
as genuine those
referred to Muhammad’s his
son-in-law Ali and his followers.
1. King or Ηingk: Term in Chinese means
the book and used to denote a collection of 5 books (Wu - King), which
for the Chinese is something respective to the Christian “Bible.”
The books of this collection
are: I - King
(I - King) or Gi - King (Yi - King)
which means “Book of Changes” and deals with
Cosmology and Oracular,
Sue - King (Schu
- King) i.e. “Book of sources” and has to do with
History, Shi - King (Schi - King) “Book of Odes” and deals with
Poetry, Li - Ki (Li - Ki) “Book of Etiquette”, which
plays important role in the eastern
peoples, especially regarding the typical rituals and Chun - Tsiou (Tsch'un - ts'iu) i.e. “Spring and Autumn”,
which deals with ethics. Those projects that traditionally
has yielded one of the greatest teachers of the Chinese Kung
Fu Tse, known
in the West as Confucius, but considered subsequently, it's likely to rescue in their content older material.
2. Stse - shou: A collection of 4 classic books of
Confucianism, which, like textbooks Wu - King, belonging to the rule of Confucian literature. The
collection Stse - shou, including books
post-Confucian era consisting of the Lun – gou, containing conversations of Confucius with his pupils and rulers
of his time, the Ta-shio i.e. "Great teaching" and The Kung - Jung that means
"Measure and middle." All
these are short writings attributed to Confucius’grandson, the Kung - Kich. As a fourth book is recognized the philosophical work of Meng
- tse, the known
with the Latin name of Mencius (Menkios) who lived from 372 to 289 BC, argued
that a state can only stand on moral principles.
1. Avesta: Collection holy books of Zoroastrianism, the Masdakismus
of Masdaismus, and Zendismus. The concept
of “Avesta” founded on an
understanding of each one of the books are:
The “Gkathas”
i.e. the Psalms are attributed
to Zoroaster, founder of
Zoroastrianism and are
supposed that the prophet wrote
in their half of the seventh century
BC somewhere in
Central Asia, then entirely inhabited by the
eastern Iranian tribes. The “Gkathas”
express the religious revolution of Zoroaster in Iranian polytheism.
They are 248 turns by 17
chapters of “Jasna”.
Functional texts form the remaining
part of “Jasna” = Function.
From the language and its contents seems that the authors, downstream of Zoroaster, associated with maintaining older Iranian gods, whom the
great prophet had rejected.
The “Visprat”
= all referees, is
a collection of hymns and invocations,
that their content also
highlights the deterioration of
the teaching of Zoroaster.
The “Giasts”
= hymns that help rebuilding
of Iranian polytheistic
substrate, certifying the common Indo-European root of the religion of
the Iranians and Indians and help
in understanding the fission of Zoroastrikis
faith and the end of Achaemenid religion. In “Giasts” include and
hymns to particular gods:
the Lady of the waters, Arentvi Sura Anahita
= the “Almighty, immaculate Arentvi”, which subsequently evolved in
mithraic, masdaic and zendic Anahita, the
Tisrya, the deified star Sirius, in Mithras in Verathragna
that corresponding to the Hindu Indra in Fravasis,
Haoma, in Sraosa
etc. Also in many other hymns already
found the origin of
the epic mythology of Masdaism as well as shows all the mythical rulers
from Chousangk until Vistaspa and other leading persons as the great teacher Karsasp
the legislature Ourvax - sayias etc. So the “Giasts” is
not only the theological basis of arsakidic polytheistic
religion, but also the
substrate of Sassanian nationalism, which used to overthrow it, leaving most completely inapplicable
the sassanidic intention to restore the
original Zoroastrian spirit.
The “Vintevntat”
which in ancient Persian pronounced
“Ventintant” and means “Law against evil spirits”,
is rich in epic mythical items and information
about cults, types, customs, traditions and social features, and offers excellent image
of the end of the Achaemenides and the principle of
arsakidikes years. Some other short texts found at the end of the “Avesta”, but some of them were not considered always his segments.
The tradition of
“Avesta” is in many questionable.
Two originally recorded
on golden signs, consequently in Achaemenid cuneiform writing,
copies of it must have been
lost in the Greek
conquest of Persepolis by Alexander the Great, and his extracts have been collected than five and a half centuries after the founder of the
sassanidic dynasty Artaxerxes A’
Papacan (Arntasir A’, 224-241 AD),
but according to another tradition, more
responsive to things, a copy on parchment of
the signs had been rescued
off the Alexandrian
territory area in Adar Gousnap today
Taht - e - Suleiman , the main sanctuary
space since the Achaemenid
year of the limited Zoroaster priesthood. With tradition
and recording of “Avesta” in the Sassanid years
were associated Tansar, semi-mythical face,
Sapour B’ (309-379 AD) and the priest Atourpat,
Machraspant ’son, who around 340 AD gave
approval to the select the text of the “Avesta”. The confrontation with the Masdakism has revealed serious
differences for the credibility of
many advertised then
as authentic, avestic
texts. The same
flows and by the configuration of
Zervanism and Gkagiomarntism.
As the Gousnap Adar had not been
destroyed and Tamparistan the current Mazantaran that is an oblong strip
of land between the Caspian
sea and Elbrouz had
changed in venue Sassanids
archival material and anti-Muslim nationalists was undertaken an effort rebuilding
Iranian national past,
but displayed as
vindicated within Islam and especially in the Shiite version. In this effort
due to it and the oldest
today surviving manuscripts
of the “Avesta” 13th-14th century AD, which
were disseminated to the
co-religionists of the Iranian plateau and Zendists
of India, where in 1758 found them Abraham Hyacinth Anketi -
Ntyperron, the first “iranology” and then other scientists. In rebuilding the
whole operation “Avesta” by modern scientists 18th-19th century AD
has contributed decisively
the translation medium- Persian “meta-vestics” sacred texts and parts mainly to “Jasna” in Sanskrit and Gkoutzrati, which is
alive today and
Hindi languages, such as Sanskrit course. But these translated parts of
the “Avesta” were based on other translations from the mid Persian what
are known as Pahlevi. So these are called
Zant by the Zendistes
and the sacred text “Zend – Avesta”, a
term that the scientists wrongly
used until the
last century. Translations of
“Avesta” in mid Persian
were aimed at addressing
of then ascending Masdakism that the sacred texts were written in the live
language of the people and direct and naturally had
greater appeal on the spread
of Masdakism.
2. Ain - Namé: Sacred
masdaistic book of the Sassanids year, which is known only from Arabic translations.
Means "Book of Rules"
and discusses issues rules of conduct, many of whom
were rescued real basis in Shiite Islam.
His rhetoric and bombastic
tone corresponds to
the imperial yard of the sassanid class and
the national character of Masdaism.
1. Granth:
The name means Bible. Is a collection of 3,384 hymns, which is the holy book of the Sikh religion or Sikhism as they say otherwise.
This collection was made in 1604 by Arjuna,
the fifth Guru i.e.
the teacher of this religion.
In the beginning Arjuna codified his personal compositions and the compositions of the four preceding Gurus
of the religion which
he represented. Later the collection was enlarged,
including the composition of Arjuna successors. It also includes lyrics Muslim and Hindu teachers.
However, the followers of that religion
speak for an anti-Granth i.e. a primary Bible.
The definitive conformation was made in
1706 by the tenth Guru, the Gompint
Singh, who has proclaimed
this as successor in 1708. Either way, however, noteworthy is the fact that the followers of Sikhism attach adoration in it throughout this book. A luxurious copy
is always exposed
to popular pilgrimage in the “Golden
Temple” of Amritsar in India, and every night is
a official procession with torchlight
provided for overnight accommodation in a marble palace
and every morning return to the “golden temple”
where believers bedews the pilgrimage
with flowers. Indeed, in the era of British sovereignty,
were attributed and military honors. The
founder of Sikhism, Gnome composed hymns in the
language pountzapi. He later
recorded with special alphabet, created by the
second Guru, the Ankant, known as gourmoukhi.
1. Kotzigki:
Collection of Japanese texts, along with the collection Nichongki is the main source
of the tradition of the Shinto the Japanese’s
traditional religion. The name of the project means a "History of events in ancient times." The work was written in 712
AD with the encouragement of the imperial court, and included the
whole mythical and religious
material, which until then handed orally. Shall be composed of 3 books,
the first of which contains the myths of the gods and
the other two traditions for the
past of Japan
2. Nichongki:
Collection of Japanese texts, along with the collection
Kotzigki is the main source of tradition
of Shinto the
traditional religion of the
Japanese. It is understood as
"Chronicles of Japan" and is the first official
history of the Japanese state,
originally written in Chinese. Written in
final form around
720 AD and consist of 30
books. Distinguished from Kotzigki
- which discusses the mythological and religious
material - because it deals
exclusively with the
historical material of Shinto.
1. Tao
- te - king: Holy book of Taoism one
of the three main religions of China
1. Anougiogka:
Sacred Book of Ntigkampara
branch of Jainism or Jinism, Indian
ascetic religion, diarchy and atheistic principles.
The Ntigkampara claim
that the holy Scriptures jainic “Sintanta” destroyed
in 789 AD and
thus in their place they accept Anougiogka.
The word Anougiogka means Reports and is a sacred collection having two old texts as core in
the old idiom Prakrit - group of
archaic local Indian dialects - supplemented by memos and other subsequent texts.
2. Sintanta:
Sacred Book of Svetampara,
branch of Jainism or Jinism, Indian
ascetic religion, diarchy and
atheistic principles. Includes 12 “main parts”
called Angas and showing the Monasticism,
the principles of the system of Mahavira - modulator
of teaching of Jainism in the 6th century
BC - the parables
and his narrations. Besides the “main parts”
contains 12 “minor parts” the Oupangkas, developing methodical teaching of Jainism.
The collection includes lowercase
and metrical texts and
was made up gradually. These texts are written in Prakrit, a group of archaic local Indian dialects.
1. Holy Scripture or Bible: Consists of two large collections of sacred texts, the
Old Testament and the New Testament. The word testament means now known as the one last wish.
But the Bible, the word means the agreement God has done with people. For the Christian Church,
the formation of the list “the rule” of the books of the Old Testament was quite
complicated. From the 3rd century BC, because many Jews living
outside Palestine and especially in
Alexandria where there was a large
and thriving Jewish community, had forgotten their native language, began an effort to translate the books of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, the international
language of that era, known by
the name “Septuagint” or “O’”,
because according to tradition, the translation made
to carry through 72 (because
of rounding called
Septuagint) Jewish sages who knew the
Greek. But apart from the 39 books of the Hebrew Bible were included and more books,
some of which, or parts
therefore were not translations
from the Hebrew original but written
in Greek. The spread of the “translation of the Septuagint” because it helped the Christian missionary,
was adopted by the Church as holy
Bible without delimited clearly from the beginning, the number of
the books, so several local churches
to follow various practices.
Furthermore the
schism Eastern and Western Church 1” , “Tovit”, “Judith”, “1 - 2 - 3
Maccabaeus” “Wisdom of Solomon”, “Wisdom of
Sirach”, “Baruch” and “Letter
of Jeremiah”, i.e. a total of 49 books.
The Roman Catholic Church followed a similar practice of accepting 46 books that distinguish into “first-normally” and “second-normally”. In
first-normally includes 39 books of the Hebrew Bible and in
second-normally books “Tovit”, “Judith”, “1 - 2 Maccabaeus”,
“Wisdom of Solomon”, “Wisdom of
Sirach”, “Baruch” (+ “Letter
of Jeremiah”) and Greek additions to the books “Esther” and “Daniel”. The churches that emerged from the Reformation accepted as normal the 39 books
of the Hebrew Bible. However common element to all
is that they categorize the books into three groups
" Historicals," “Poetics - Didactics" and “Prophetics”
in the series of books to vary in different versions of the Bible.
Adventure analogous to a lesser extent
but it has also experienced the “canon” of the New
Testament. There is evidence that at the end of the first century or early second century
AD collected the
letters of Paul in a kind of rule, as also
the witness Justin in the middle of the second century AD refers to
“the gospels” in plural identifying them as “memoirs of the Apostles”, which were read in worship
gatherings of believers along with the writings of the prophets. The question now is, when the gospels with the letters and the other books of the New Testament were established as “Bible” as “New Testament”. We can answer that at the end of the
second century AD enumerated as normally most of the 27 books of
the New Testament.
Final station in the evolution and the definitive configuration of the rule
is the 39th celebratory Letter of the Athanasius (367
AD), which normally referred to the 27 books of the New Testament. Below
is the list of books of the Bible according to the Orthodox Church:
1. Book
of the Dead: A collection of texts that
contain instructions for eminent death and the trip of the soul in the beyond, of
course conceivable, as a place
where life goes on. Such books are known from
various cultures, from the ancient Greek, where it was cultivated as a unique literary
genre, "the cathode
into Hell", with detailed descriptions
of the Underworld. From the world production have survived the books of
the dead in ancient Egyptian,
Mayas, Tibetan and Islam.
The Egyptian consists of 190 texts, which
have diverse extent and importance and come from
different eras. In these texts mainly are developed visions of the dead in relation to the mythical cycle of the god Osiris
and the practice of magic.
The Maya book does not contain teachings but a typical ritual with instructions and specifications. It has survived in 3 manuscripts
(Paris , Dresden and Madrid ), where the Spaniards have brought from America to
Europe .
According to this book, death is not an end, but
an evolution phase from life to death and from
death to life, realized with
reincarnations and implies the
existence with no eschatological end and transformation
of live and dead.
Unlike the
Maya book, the book of Tibet
In the Islamic book, the
writing is attributed to the
Prophet Muhammad, death is the
beginning of new life and the
life of embodied station is a long journey of the soul. So for the
believer death loses its terribleness
and becomes an opportunity to think the man the omnipotence, the tool
and the justice of God (Allah)
and it is precondition for
reaching the final destination.
REFERENCES
- Educational Encyclopedia: Religions
- Anastasios Giannoulatos: Traces of seeking the transcendental.
- Greek Bible Society: The Bible
- Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.
Writer Christos Pal
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